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A histamine antagonist is an agent which serves to inhibit the release or action of histamine. Antihistamine can be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but it is usually reserved for the classical antihistamines that act upon the H1 histamine receptor.
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In common use, the term antihistamine refers only to H1 antagonists, also known as H1 antihistamines. It has been discovered that these H1-antihistamines are actually inverse agonists at the histamine H1-receptor, rather than antagonists per se.Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M (2002). "H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects". Clin Exp Allergy 32 (4): 489-98. PMID 11972592. Clinically, H1 antagonists are used to treat allergic reactions.
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H2 antagonists, like H1 antagonists, are also inverse agonists and not true antagonists. H2 histamine receptors are found principally in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. H2 antagonists are used to reduce the secretion of gastric acid, treating gastrointestinal conditions including peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
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These are experimental agents and do not yet have a defined clinical use.
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These agents (mast cell stabilizers) appear to stabilize the mast cells to prevent degranulation and mediator release.
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Many drugs, used for other indications, possess unwanted antihistaminergic activity. These include tricyclic antidepressants and antipsychotics.
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